- You understand the most common geometric features of atoms in molecules: coordination number, bond lengths, and bond angles. You recognize what a molecule "should look like" and approximately what all bond lengths and angles "should be" based on these regularities.
Visualization: Structural Features of Organic Molecules
- You can
draw Lewis structures for any
simple compound from its molecular formula, and you can translate
this to the bond-line (or line-angle) notation.
Visualization: Molecular
Representations
- You recognize important functional groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, arenes; alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes; and the fact that carboxylic acids, esters, amides and other groups are aggregates of carbonyls with other groups.
- You understand the basics of organic nomenclature: finding the longest carbon chain for the base name, identifying alkyl or other substituents along that chain, and numbering based on the lowest aggregate assignment plus priority of certain functional groups.
- You
understand the electronic structure
of atoms and the distribution of electrons between s and p atomic
orbitals.
Visualization: Atomic Orbitals
Visualization: https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/orbitron/
- You
understand how to use the Periodic
Table to identify the number of valence electrons a neutral atom
brings to make bonds.
Periodic Table: https://www.webelements.com/
- You
understand the formation of a
covalent, 2-electron bond arising from sharing electrons between two
atoms.
- You
remember the octet rule for
compounds made from second-row elements.
- You can
identify the formal charge on
any atom from its Lewis (or bond-line) structure.
- You
understand how atomic orbitals can
be combined to form either hybrid atomic orbitals or molecular
orbitals.
Visualization: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
Visualization: Formation of a sigma C-H bond
Visualization: Formation of a double bond (sigma + pi)
- You
understand the impact of molecular
orbital models in determining molecular shape.
Visualization:
MOs of methane,ethene,
ethyne
- You
understand the distinction between
sigma and pi bonds in molecules with multiple bonds.
- You
understand the impact of multiple
bonding on bond rotation barriers.
- You
understand the relationship between
what resonance structures say about bonding, and how a molecular
orbital picture can describe the same molecule.
Visualization: Writing,
Using and Understanding
Resonance Structures
Visualization: Comparison
of Resonance vs. MO Theory
- You
understand how electronegative
atoms affect both single and multiple bonds.
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Recommended Problems:
1.25, 1.27, 1.28, 1.31, 1.32, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.43, 1.45, 1.48, 1.52
Note: all "in-chapter" problems are recommended as part of your reading.
Worked problems:
Worked Problem 1
Worked Problem 2
Worked Problem 3
Worked Problem 4
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