Table 1. The last best lichen places, threats, and protection.

Area	Last Best Places	Threats	Protection	Example epiphytic lichen species at risk
Willamette & Puget Valleys	Ash swamps (see also Hotspots)	urbanization agriculture air pollution	wetland laws (Clean Water Act) riparian protection in forest practices law Clean Air Act (weak protection) land use laws (e.g. urban growth boundaries)	Hypotrachyna riparia many cyanolichens
Foothills	Oak savannas	urbanization air pollution Oak savannas are probably the most threatened of the habitats listed here.	Clean Air Act (weak protection) land use laws (e.g. urban growth boundaries; weak)	Bryoria tortuosa Lecidea dolodes Sulcaria badia certain pin lichens: (Calicium quercinum, Chaenotheca brachypoda, Sclerophora peronella, Sphintrina leucopoda)
Low- to mid-elevation mountains	Old conifer forests Rock outcrop areas	logging air pollution	NW Forest Plan (federal lands only) riparian protection in forest practices law Clean Air Act (weak)	Nephroma occultum Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis Ramalina thrausta Usnea longissima No rare epiphytes specific to fringes of rock outcrop areas are known, but may include species of savannas and old forests.
Mid- to high-elevation mountains	Mountain summits and ridges	recreation	Designated wilderness and other reserves	Chaeonotheca cinerea Tholurna dissimilis
Immediate coast	Old shore pine - shrub -dune systems Headlands	urbanization	State land use laws wetland laws	Bryoria spiralifera Bryoria pseudocapillaris Erioderma sorediatum Heterodermia japonica Heterodermia sitchensis Leioderma sorediatum Pannaria malmei Teloschistes flavicans

Ash swamps

Ash swamp in a riparian corridor through agricultural lands.

Oak savannas

Old conifer forests

Rock outcrop areas

Mountain summits and ridges

Old shore pine - shrub dune systems

Headlands

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