• Polar Plots
• Parameters that affect orbit shape

Estimated Time: 30 minutes

Students are asked to explore the parameters that affect orbit shape using the supplied Maple worksheet or Mathematica notebook.

• Some basic knowledge of conic sections (circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola)

• Computers with Maple or Mathematica and the appropriate Conic Sections Maple/Mathematica worksheet.

• A handout for each student

This activity was originally designed to provide students an opportunity to think through the nuances of polar plots of conic sections in a pure math environment so that when they see the derivation of the formula for orbital motion, they will immediately recognize it as the polar formula for a conic section. In this implementation, you can do the activity any time before that derivation. Make sure to include an opportunity (in-class or homework) for the students to work out the relationship between the mathematical parameters (ellipticity, etc.) and the physical ones (angular momentum, etc.)

Other faculty have chosen to use this activity after a lecture derivation of the equations of motion the two-body central force problem $$r(\theta)=\frac{\frac{l^2}{\mu k}}{1+C' \cos{(\phi+\delta)}}$$ A discussion of polar plots (how they are generated, how they are different from the usual cartesian plots) takes place just before students are released to play with the Maple worksheet/Mathematica notebook. This latter order offers less opportunity for students to discover things for themselves.

• The students are asked to determine how the constants $\alpha$, $\epsilon$, and $\delta$ change the shape of the orbit.
• Students should be encouraged to identify the geometric shape of the resulting conic section and recall what they know about those shapes. (i.e. the Cartesian equation for each shape, its special properties, etc.)
• Students often discuss real world orbiting bodies in the context of this activity. One common confusion is whether comets have parabolic or hyperbolic orbits. This is a good opportunity to get them to reason about what they know about comets (they appear periodically) with what they know about different types of orbits. After some discussion, students should be able to reason that comets must have highly elliptical orbits rather than hyperbolic orbits.

• It is useful to spend a few minutes reviewing what the students observed about the behavior of the variables:
  • $\alpha$ adjusts the scale of the orbit
  • $\epsilon$ the eccentricity adjusts the shape of the orbit.

\begin{align*} &\epsilon =0& \text{circle}\\ 0&<\epsilon <1& \text{ellipse}\\ &\epsilon =1& \text{ parabola}\\ &\epsilon >1& \text{hyperbola} \end{align*}

• $\delta$ the phase shift adjusts the rotation of the major axis of the conic.
• It is useful to get students to look at the extreme cases of the conic equation and examine what the maximum value of $r$ will be for $\epsilon =0$, $\epsilon<1$, $\epsilon=1$, $\epsilon>1$

To shorten the activity, you can ask about $\alpha$ and $\epsilon$ only (not $\delta$).

• It is important to make sure students make the connection between the variables in the worksheet and those in the derivation for the shape of the orbit. $\alpha = \frac{l^2}{\mu k}$ and $ \epsilon = C'$. This can happen during the activity or later, depending on the timing of the lecture about orbits.

This activity works particularly well when sequenced with other activities.