Bibliography
Epiphytes and Forest Management in the
Pacific NW
Magenta: recent
literature not yet incorporated into the text
Home
- Andre, H. 1985.
Associations between corticolous microarthropod communities and epiphytic
cover on bark. Holarctic Ecology 8:113-119.
- Andre, H. 1986. Notes on
the ecology of corticolous epiphyte dwellers. 4. Actinedida (especially
Tydeidae) and Gamasida (especially Phytoselidae). Acarologia
27:107-115.
- Antoine, M. E. 2001.
Ecophysiology of the Cyanolichen Lobaria oregana. M. S. Thesis, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, USA. 80 pp.
- Antoine, M. E. 2004. An
ecophysiological approach to quantifying nitrogen fixation by Lobaria
oregana. Bryologist 107:82-87.
- Armstrong, R. A. 1987.
Dispersal in a population of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes.
Environmental and Experimental Botany 27:357-363.
- Armstrong, R. A. 1989.
Dispersal, establishment and survival of soredia and fragments of the lichen
Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. Botanical Gazette 239-245.
- Bailey, R. H. 1966.
Studies on the dispersal of lichen soredia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society 59:479-490.
- Bailey, R. H. 1976.
Ecological aspects of dispersal and establishment in lichens. Pages 215-247 in
Lichenology: Progress and Problems, D. H. Brown, R. H. Bailey, and D. L.
Hawksworth (eds). Academic Press, London.
- Benson, S. and D. S. Coxson.
2002. Lichen colonization and gap structure in wet-temperate
rainforests of northern interior British Columbia. Bryologist
105:673-692.
- Berryman, S. D.
& B. McCune. 2001a. Diversity and abundance of epiphytic macrolichens in
old growth and managed forests of variable remnant density in the Blue River
watershed of the Central Oregon Cascades, manuscript.
- Berryman, S. D.
& B. McCune. 2001b. Estimating epiphytic macrolichen biomass based on
lichen community data in the Central Cascade forest of western Oregon,
manuscript.
- Berg, Å., B. Ehnström,
L. Gustafsson, T. Hallingbäck, M. Jonsell, and J. Weslien. 1994. Threatened
plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat
associations. Conservation Biology 8:718-731.
- Boucher, V. L. and
D. F. Stone. 1992. Epiphytic lichen biomass. Pages 583-599 in G. C. Carroll
and D. T. Wicklow (eds.), The Fungal Community. Its Organization and Role in
the Ecosystem. Marcel Decker, New York.
- Brown, M.J., Jarman,
S.J., and Kantvilas, G. 1994. Conservation and reservation of non-vascular
plants in Tasmania, with special reference to lichens, Biodiversity and
Conservation 3:263-278.
- Brown, P. J. and D. A. Dalton. 2002. In situ
physiological monitoring of Lobaria oregana transplants in an
old-growth forest canopy. Northwest Science 76:230-239.
- Bunnell, F. L,
T. Spribille, I. Houde, T. Goward and C. Bjork. 2008. Lichens on
down wood in logged and unlogged forest stands. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research 38:1033-1041.
-
Burger, A. E., R. A. Ronconi, M. P. Silvergieter, C. Conroy, V. Bahn,
I. A. Manley, A. Cober, and D. B. Lank. 2010. Factors affecting the
availability of thick epiphyte mats and other potential nest platforms
for Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 40:727-746.
- Campbell, J. &
D. S. Coxson. 2001. Canopy microclimate and arboreal lichen loading in
subalpine spruce-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 79:537-555.
- Campbell, J., S. K.
Stevenson, & D. S. Coxson. 1999. Estimating epiphyte abundance in
high-elevation forests of northern British Columbia. Selbeyana
20:261-267.
- Caruso,
A. & G. Thor. 2007. Importance of different tree fractions for epiphytic
lichen diversity in Picea abies and Populus tremula in mature
managed boreonemoral Swedish forests. Scandanavian Journal of Forest Research
22:219-230.
- Caruso,
A., J. Rudolphi & G. Thor. 2008. Lichen species diversity and substrate
amounts in young planted boreal forests: A comparison between slash and stumps
of Picea abies. Biological Conservation 141:47-55.
- Clement, J. P. &
D. C. Shaw. 1999. Crown structure and the distribution of epiphyte functional
group biomass in old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii trees. Ecoscience
6:243-254.
- Coxson, D. S. 1991.
Nutrient release from epiphytic bryophytes in tropical montane rain forest
(Guadeloupe). Canadian Journal of Botany 69:2122-2129.
- Coxson, D. S. &
M. Coyle. 2003. Niche partitioning and photosynthetic response of alectorioid
lichens from subalpine spruce-fir forest in north-central British Columbia,
Canada: the role of canopy microclimatic gradients. Lichenologist
55:157-176.
- Cowan, I. M. 1945. The
ecological relationships of the food of the black-tailed deer, Oidocoileus
hemionus columbianus (Richardson) in the coast forest region of
southern Vancouver Island, BC. Ecological Monographs 15:109-139.
- Davidson, A., J.
Harborne, and R. Longton. 1990. The acceptability of mosses as food for
generalist herbivores, slugs in the Arionidae. Botanical Journal of the
Linnean Society 104:99-113.
- Denison, W. C. 1973. Life
in tall trees. Scientific American 228:74-80.
- Denison, W. C. 1979.
Lobaria oregana, a nitrogen-fixing lichen in old-growth Douglas fir
forests. Pp. 266-275 in Gordon, J. C., C. T. Wheeler, and D. A. Perry (eds.),
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the management of Temperate Forests--
Proceedings of a workshop.
- Denison, W. C. 1988.
Culturing the lichens Lobaria oregana and L. pulmonaria
on nylon monofilament. Mycologia 80:811-814.
- Denison, W. C., D. M.
Tracy, F. M. Rhoades, and M. Sherwood. 1972. Direct, non-destructive
measurement of biomass and structure in living old-growth Douglas-fir. Pp.
147-158 in J. F. Franklin, L. J. Dempster, and R. H. Waring, eds., Research on
Coniferous Forest Ecosystems, Proc. Symp. of the Northwest Scientific
Association. USDA Forest Service, Pacific NW Experiment Station, Portland,
Oregon.
- Derr, C. C. 1994. Lichen
biomonitoring in southeast Alaska and western Oregon. M. S. Thesis, Oregon
State University, Corvallis. 98 pages.
- Dettki, H. 1998. Dispersal
of fragments of two pendulous lichen species. Sauteria 9:123-132.
- Dettki, H. and P.-A.
Esseen. 1998. Epiphytic macrolichens in managed and natural forest landscapes:
a comparison at two spatial scales. Ecography 21:613-624.
- Dettki, H. , M. Edman,
P.-A. Esseen, H. Hedenas, B. G. Jonsson, N. Kruys, J. Moen, and K.-E. Renhorn.
1998. Screening for species potentially sensitive to habitat fragmentation.
Ecography 21:649-652.
- Dettki, H., P.
Klintberg, and P.-A. Esseen. 2000. Are epiphytic lichens in young forests
limited by local dispersal? Ecoscience 7:317-325.
- Dettki, H., and M.
Rannar. 2000. Modelling the abundance of epiphytic lichens in boreal forest
landscapes -- a spatially explicit approach. (ms. part of Dettki's PhD
dissertation)
- Doell, J. 1997. Usnea
longissima Ach. in San Mateo County. Bulletin of the California Lichen
Society 4: 6-7.
- Dufrene, M. and
P. Legendre. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a
flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67:345-366.
- Edwards, R. Y., J.
Soos, and R. W. Ritchey. 1960. Quantitative observations on epidendric lichens
used as food by caribou. Ecology 41:425-431.
- Enns, K. A. 1998. Lichens of
the coastal forest chronosequences. Northwest Science 72:103-105.
- Ellyson, W. J. T. and S. Sillett.
2003. Epiphyte communities on sitka spruce
in an old-growth redwood forest. Bryologist 106:197-211.
- Esseen, P.-A. 1985. Litter
fall of epiphytic macrolichens in two old Picea abies forests in
Sweden. Canadian Journal of Botany 63:980-987.
- Esseen, P.-A. 2006.
Edge influence on the old-growth indicator lichen Alectoria sarmentosa
in natural ecotones. Journal of Vegetation Science 17:185-194.
- Esseen, P.-A., L.
Ericson, H. Lindstrom, and O. Zackrisson. 1981. Occurrence and ecology of
Usnea longissima in central Sweden. Lichenologist 13:
177-190.
- Esseen, P-A., B.
Ehnstrom, L. Ericson, and K. Sjoberg. 1992. Boreal forests--the focal habitats
of Fennoscandi. Pages 252-325 in L. Hanson, ed., Ecological Principles of
Nature Conservation. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
- Esseen, P-A., B.
Ehnstrom, L. Ericson, and K. Sjoberg. 1997. Boreal forests. Ecological
Bulletin 46:16-47.
- Esseen, P-A., Renhorn,
K.-E. & Pettersson, R. B. 1996. Epiphytic Lichen Biomass in Managed and
old-growth boreal forests: effect of branch quality. Ecological Applications
6: 228-238.
- Esseen, P.-A. and
K.-E. Renhorn. 1998a. Mass loss of epiphytic lichen litter in a boreal forest.
Ann. Bot. Fennici 35:211-217.
- Esseen, P.-A. and
K.-E. Renhorn. 1998b. Edge effects on an epiphytic lichen in fragmented
forests. Conservation Biology 12:1307-1317.
- FEMAT. 1993. Forest
ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. Forest
Ecosystem Management Assessment Team, USDA and USDI, Portland, Oregon.
- Fritz, O. & K.
Larsson. 1997. Betydelsen av skoglig kontinuitet for rodlistade lavar. En
studie av hallandsk bokskog. Svensk Botanisk Tidskr. 90:241-262. (The
significance of long forest continuity to red-listed lichens. A study of beech
forest in the province of Halland, SW Sweden.)
- Gauslaa, Y. 1985. The
ecology of Lobarion pulmonariae and Parmelion caperatae in
Quercus dominated forests in south-west Norway. Lichenologist
17:117-140.
- Gauslaa, Y. 1995. The
Lobarion, an epiphytic community of ancient forests threatened by acid
rain. Lichenologist 27:59-76.
- Gauslaa, Y. 1997.
Population structure of the epiphytic lichen Usnea longissima in a
boreal Picea abies canopy. Lichenologist 29:455-469.
- Gauslaa, Y., J.
Anonby, G. Gaarder, & T. Tonsberg. 1992. Huldrestry, Usnea
longissima, en sjelden urskogslav på Vestlandet [Usnea longissima,
a rare ancient forest lichen in western Norway]. Blyttia 1992(3):
105-114.
- Gauslaa, Y., M. Lie, K. A. Solhaug, and M. Ohlson. 2006. Growth
and ecophysiological acclimation of the foliose lichen Lobaria
pulmonaria in forests with contrasting light climates. 147:406-416.
- Gauslaa, Y., M.
Ohlson, & J. Rolstad. 1998. Fine-scale distribution of the epiphytic
lichen Usnea longissima on two even-aged neighbouring Picea
abies trees. Journal of Vegetation Science 9: 95-102.
- Gauslaa, Y., M.
Ohlson, K. A. Solhaug, W. Bilger & L. Nybakken. 2001. Aspect-dependent
high-irradiance damage in two transplanted foliose forest lichens, Lobaria
pulmonaria and Parmelia sulcata. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 31:1639-1649.
- Gauslaa, Y. &
K. A. Solhaug. 1996. Differences in the susceptibility to light stress between
epiphytic lichens of ancient and young boreal forest stands. Functional
Ecology 10:344-354.
- Gauslaa, Y. &
K. A. Solhaug. 1999. High light damage in air-dry thalli of the old forest
lichen Lobaria pulmonaria-- interactions of irradiance, exposure
duration and high temperature. Journal of Experimental Botany
50:697-705.
- Gauslaa, Y. &
K. A. Solhaug. 2000. High-light-intensity damage to the foliose lichen
Lobaria pulmonaria within a natural forest: the application of
chlorophyll fluorescence methods. Lichenologist 32:271-289.
- Gauslaa, Y. &
K. A. Solhaug. 2001. Fungal melanins as a sun screen for symbiotic green algae
in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. Oecologia 126:462-471.
- Geiser, L.H., Derr, C.C.,
and Dillman, K.L. 1994. Air quality monitoring on the Tongass National Forest.
Methods and baselines using lichens, United States Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Alaska Region, Report R10-TB-46, USA.
- Gerson, U. 1973.
Lichen-arthropod associations. Lichenologist 5:434-443.
- Gerson, U. 1982.
Bryophytes and invertebrates. Pages 291-332 in A. J. E. Smith, (ed.)
Bryophyte Ecology. Chapman and Hall, New York.
- Gerson, U. and M.
R. D. Seaward. 1977. Lichen-invertebrate associations. Pages 69-119 in M. R.
D. Seaward (ed.) Lichen Ecology. Academic Press, London.
- Glavich, D. A., L. H. Geiser, and
A. G. Mikulin. 2005. Rare epiphytic coastal
lichen habitats, modeling, and management in the Pacific Northwest. Bryologist
108:377-390.
- Goward, T. 1994. Notes on
oldgrowth-dependent epiphytic macrolichens in inland British Columbia, Canada.
Acta Bot. Fennica 150:31-38.
- Goward, T. 1999. The
Lichens of British Columbia. Illustrated Keys. Part 2, Fruticose
Species. 319 pages. Crown Publications, 521 Fort St., Victoria
BC.
- Goward, T. and A.
Arsenault. 1997. Notes on the assessment of lichen diversity in old-growth
engelmann spruce - subalpine fir forests. Pages 67-78 in C. Hollstedt & A.
Vyse (eds.). Sicamous Creek Silvicultural Systems Project. Workshop
Proceedings. April 24-25, 1996, Kamloops, BC. BC Ministry of Forests, Working
Paper 24/1997.
- Goward, T. and A. Arsenault. 2000. Cyanolichen
distribution in young unmanaged forests: a dripzone effect. Bryologist
103:28-37.
- Goward, T. and J. Campbell.
2005. Arboreal hair lichens in a young,
mid-elevation conifer stand, with implications for the management of mountain
caribou. Bryologist 108:427-434.
- Goward, T., B. McCune,
and D. Meidinger. 1994. The Lichens of British Columbia. Part 1. Foliose and
Squamulose Species. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. Crown Publications
Inc., Victoria, B.C. 181 pp.
- Gu, Wei-Dong, M. Kuusinen, T.
Konttinen & I. Hanski. 2001. Spatial pattern in the occurrence of the
lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in managed and virgin boreal forests.
Ecography 24:139-150.
- Hauck, M. & T. Spribille. 2002. The Mn/Ca
and Mn/Mg ratios in bark as possible causes for the occurrence of Lobarion
lichens on conifers in the dripzone of Populus in western North
America. Lichenologist 34:527-532.
- Hayward, G. D. 1994.
Review of technical knowledge: Boreal Owls. Pp. 92-127 in: Hayward, G. D.,
Verner, J. (eds.): Flammulated, Boreal, and Great Gray Owls in the United
States: A Technical Conservation Assessment. General Technical Report RM-253.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
- Hayward, G. D. and
R. Rosentreter. 1994. Lichens as nesting material for northern flying
squirrels in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Mammalogy
75:663-673.
- Hazell, P. and L.
Gustafsson. 1999. Retention of trees at final harvest—evaluation of a
conservation technique using epiphytic bryophyte and lichen transplants.
Biological Conservation 90:133-142.
- Hilmo, O. 2002. Growth
and morphological response of old-forest lichens transplanted into a young and
an old Picea abies forest. Ecography 25: 329-335.
- Hilmo, O. & H.
Holien. 2002. Epiphytic lichen response to the edge environment in
a boreal
Picea abies forest in central Norway. Bryologist, 105:48-56.
- Hilmo, O. & S. M.
Sastad. 2001. Colonization of old-forest lichens in a young and an old boreal
Picea abies forest: an experimental approach. Biological Conservation
102:251-259.
- Holien, H. 1998. Lichens
in spruce forest stands of different successional stages in central Norway
with emphasis on diversity and old growth species. Nova Hedwigia
66:283-324.
- Holub, S. M. and K. Lajtha. 2004. The fate and retention
of organic and inorganic 15N-nitrogen in an old-growth forest soil in western
Oregon. Ecosystems 7: 368-380.
- Howe, K. D. 1978.
Distribution and abundance of terrestrial and arboreal lichens in the
old-growth coniferous forests of the western Cascades of Oregon, with special
reference to nitrogen-fixing species. MA Thesis, Dept. Geography, University
of Oregon, Eugene. 131 pp.
- Hutchinson, J. 2001.
Riparian lichens of northern Idaho. M. S. Thesis, Oregon State
University.
- Hyvarinen, M., P.
Halonen, and M. Kauppi. 1992. Influence of stand age and structure on the
epiphytic lichen vegetation in the middle-boreal forests of Finland.
Lichenologist 24:165-180.
- Ihlen, P. G., I.
Gjerde, and M. Saetersdal. 2001. Structural indicators of richness and rarity
of epiphytic lichens on Corylus avellana in two different forest types
within a nature reserve in north-eastern Norway. Lichenologist
33:215-229.
- Johansson, P.
& L. Gustafsson. 2001. Red-listed and indicator lichens in woodland key
habitats and production forests in Sweden. Canadian Journal of Forest Research
31:1617-1628.
- Johnson, D. W. 1979. Air
pollution and the distribution of corticolous lichens in Seattle, Washington.
Northwest Science, 53:257-263.
- Kantvilas, G.
& P. R. Minchin. 1989. An analysis of epiphytic lichen communities in
Tasmanian cool temperate rain-forest. Vegetatio 84:99-112.
- Kenkel, N. C.
& G. E. Bradfield. 1986. Epiphytic vegetation on Acer macrophyllum:
a multivariate study of species-habitat relationships. Vegetatio
68:43-53.
- Keon, D. B. 2001. Factors
Limiting the Distribution of the Sensitive lichen Usnea longissima in
the Oregon Coast Range: Habitat or Dispersal? M.S. thesis, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
- Keon, D. B., and P. S. Muir. 2002. Growth of
Usnea longissima across a variety of habitats in the Oregon Coast Range. The
Bryologist 105:233-242.
Kivisto, L. & M. Kuusinen. 2000. Edge effects on the
epiphytic lichen flora of Picea abies in middle boreal Finland.
Lichenologist 32:387-398.
- Knops, J. M. H., T. H.
Nash, & W. H. Schlesinger. 1996. The influence of epiphytic lichens on the
nutrient cycling of an oak woodland. Ecological Monographs 66:159-179.
- Kuusinen, M. 1994a.
Epiphytic lichen diversity on Salix caprea in old-growth
southern and middle boreal forests of Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn.
31:77-92.
- Kuusinen, M. 1994b.
Epiphytic lichen flora and diversity on Populus tremula in old-growth
and managed forests of southern and middle boreal Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn.
31:245-260.
- Kuusinen, M. 1996a.
Cyanobacterial macrolichens on Populus tremula as indicators of forest
continuity in Finland. Biological Conservation 75:43-49.
- Kuusinen, M. 1996b.
Importance of spruce swamp-forests for epiphytic diversity and flora on
Picea abies in southern and middle boreal Finland. Ecography
19:41-51.
- Kuusinen, M., H.
Kaipiainen, A. Puolasmaa, and T. Ahti. 1995. Threatened lichens in Finland.
Cryptogamic Botany 5:247-251.
- Kuusinen, M.
& J. Siitonen. 1998. Epiphytic lichen diversity in old-growth and managed
Picea abies stands in southern Finland. Journal of Vegetation Science
9: 283-292.
- Lawrey, J. D. 1987.
Nutritional ecology of lichenmoss arthropods. Pp. 209-233 in: F. Slansky &
J. G. Rodriguez (eds.): Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, and Spiders.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
- Lehmkuhl, J. F. 2004.
Epiphytic lichen diversity and biomass in low-elevation forests of the eastern
Washington Cascade range, USA. Forest Ecology and Management
187:381-392.
- Lehmkuhl, J. F., L.
E. Gould, E. Cazares, & D. R. Hosford. 2004. Truffle abundance and
mycophagy by northern flying squirrels in eastern Washington forests. Forest
Ecology and Management 200:49-65.
- Lesica, P., McCune,
B., Cooper, S., & Hong, W. S. 1991. Differences in lichen and bryophyte
communities between old-growth and managed second-growth forests. Canadian
Journal of Botany 69: 1745-1755.
- Liden, M. and O. Hilmo. 2005.
Population characteristics of the suboceanic
lichen Platismatia norvegica in core and fringe habitats: relations to
macroclimate, substrate, and proximity to streams. Bryologist
108:506-517.
- Lohmus, P. 2003. Composition and substrata of forest lichens in Estonia:
a meta-analysis. Folia Cryptog. Estonica 40:19-38.
- Lohmus, P. & A. Lohmus.
2003. Snags, and their lichen flora in old
Estonian peatland forests. Ann. Bot. Fennici 38:(in press).
- Lyons, B., N. M.
Nadkarni & M. P. North. 2000. Spatial distribution and succession of
epiphytes on Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) in an old-growth
Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 78:957-968.
- Maser, C., Z. Maser, J.
W. Witt, and G. Hunt. 1986. The northern flying squirrel: a mycophagist in
southwestern Oregon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:2086-2089.
- Maser, Z., C. Maser,
and J. M. Trappe. 1985. Food habits of the northern flying squirrel
(Glaucomys sabrinus) in Oregon. Canadian Journal of Zoology
63:1084-1088.
- McCune, B. 1993. Gradients
in epiphyte biomass in three Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forests of different
ages in western Oregon and Washington. Bryologist 96:405-411.
- McCune, B. 1994. Using
epiphyte litter to estimate epiphyte biomass. Bryologist 97:396-401.
- McCune, B. 1998.
Hypotrachyna riparia, a new lichen from western North America.
Bryologist 101:448-450.
- McCune, B. 2000. Lichen
communities as indicators of forest health. Bryologist 103:353-356.
- McCune, B., K. A.
Amsberry, F. J. Camacho, S. Clery, C. Cole, C. Emerson, G. Felder, P. French,
D. Greene, R. Harris, M. Hutten, B. Larson, M. Lesko, S. Majors, T. Markwell,
G. G. Parker, K. Pendergrass, E. B. Peterson, E. T. Peterson, J. Platt, J.
Proctor, T. Rambo, A. Rosso, D. Shaw, R. Turner, and M. Widmer. 1997. Vertical
Profile of Epiphytes in a Pacific Northwest Old-growth Forest. Northwest
Science 71:145-152.
- McCune, B. and J. A.
Antos. 1981. Correlations between forest layers in the Swan Valley, Montana.
Ecology 62: 1196-1204.
- McCune, B., and J.
A. Antos. 1981. Diversity relations of forest layers in the Swan Valley,
Montana. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 108:354-361.
- McCune, B. and J. A.
Antos. 1982. Epiphyte communities of the Swan Valley, Montana. Bryologist
85:1-12.
- McCune, B. and W. J.
Daly. 1994. Consumption and decomposition of lichen litter in a temperate
coniferous rainforest. Lichenologist 26: 67-71.
- McCune, B. and L.
Geiser. 1997. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press. 386
pages.
- McCune, B. and T.
Goward. 1995. Macrolichens of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Mad River Press,
Arcata, California. 208 pp.
- McCune, B., R.
Rosentreter, and A. DeBolt. 1997. Biogeography of rare lichens from the coast
of Oregon. Pages 234-241 in Conservation and Management of Native Flora and
Fungi. T. N. Kaye et al., editors. Native Plant Society of Oregon,
Corvallis.
- McCune, B., R.
Rosentreter, J. M. Ponzetti, and D. C. Shaw. 2000. Epiphyte habitats in an old
conifer forest in western Washington, USA. Bryologist 103:417-427.
- McCune, B., J.
Hutchinson, and S Berryman. 2001. Concentration of Rare Lichens along Large
Streams of the Central Cascades AMA. Unpublished report to USDA Forest
Service, Willamette National Forest. 24 pp.
- Moffett, M. W. 2000.
What's "up"? A critical look at the basic terms of canopy biology. Biotropica
32:569-596.
- Muir, P. S. 2004. An
Assessment of Commercial “Moss” Harvesting from Forested Lands in the Pacific
Northwestern and Appalachian Regions of the United States: How Much Moss is
Harvested and Sold Domestically and Internationally and Which Species are
Involved? Final Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S Geological
Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center. 80 pages.
- Muir P., A. Shirazi,
& J. Patrie. 1998. Seasonal growth dynamics in the lichen Lobaria
pulmonaria. Bryologist 100:458-464.
- Muir, P.S., R.L.
Mattingly, J.C. Tappeiner, J.D. Bailey, W.E. Elliott, J.C. Hagar, J.C. Miller,
E.B. Peterson. 2002. Managing for biodiversity in young douglas-fir forests of
western Oregon. Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-2002-0006. USGS Forest
and Range Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon.
- Muir, P.
S., T. R. Rambo, R. W. Kimmerer & D. B. Keon. 2006. Influence of overstory removal on growth of epiphytic
mosses and lichens in western Oregon. Ecological Applications
16:1207–1221
- Nadkarni, N. M. 1981.
Canopy roots: convergent evolution in rainforest nutrient cycles. Science
214:1023-1024.
- Nadkarni, N. M. 1984.
Biomass and mineral capital of epiphytes in an Acer macrophyllum
community of a temperate moist coniferous forest, Olympic Peninsula,
Washington State. Canadian Journal of Botany 62:2223-2228.
- Nadkarni, N. M., M.
C. Merwin, and J. Nieder. 2001. Forest canopies, plant diversity. Encyclopedia
of Biodiversity 3:27-40.
- Negi, H. R. 1996. Usnea
longissima - the winter staple food of musk deer: a case study of
Kanchulakharak Musk Deer Breeding Center in Garhwal Himalayas. TigerPaper 23:
30-32.
- Neitlich, P. N. 1993.
Lichen Abundance and Biodiversity along a Chronosequence from Young Managed
Stands to Ancient Forest. M.S. thesis, University of Vermont,
Burlington.
- Neitlich, P. and
B. McCune. 1997. Hotspots of Epiphytic Lichen Diversity in Two Young Managed
Forests. Conservation Biology 11:172-182.
- Noble, W. J. 1982. The
Lichens of the Coastal Douglas-Fir Dry Subzone. PhD Thesis, Univ. British
Columbia, 942 pp.
- Ohlson, M., L.
Soderstrom, G. Horgnberg, O. Zackrisson, & J. Hermansson. 1997. Habitat
qualitites versus long-term continuity as determinants of biodiversity in
boreal old-growth swamp forests. Biological Conservation 81:221-231.
- Oregon Natural Heritage
Program. 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Plants and Animals of Oregon.
Portland, Oregon. 92 pp. (This has migrated to the
Oregon Biodiversity Information Center
The species are now listed in an
online pdf. You can also
download the species lists as spreadsheets.)
- Parker, G. P. 1997. Canopy structure and light
environment of an old-growth Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest. Northwest
Science 71:261-270.
- Peake, J. F. & P.
W. James. 1967. Lichens and mollusca. Lichenologist 3: 425-428.
- Peck, J. E. 1996.
Harvestable moss: communities, hosts, and accumulation. M. S. Thesis. Oregon
State University, Corvallis. 75 pages.
- Peck, J. E. 1997a. The
association of commercially harvestable bryophytes and their host species in
northwestern Oregon. Bryologist 100:383-393.
- Peck, J. E. 1997b.
Commercial moss harvest in northwestern Oregon: describing the epiphyte
communities. Northwest Science 71:186-195.
- Peck, J. E., & B.
McCune. 1997a. Effects of green tree retention on epiphytic lichen
communities: A retrospective approach. Ecological Applications
7:1181-1187.
- Peck, J. E. and B.
McCune. 1997b. Moss harvest: what's out there and how fast does it grow? Pages
261-266 in Conservation and Management of Native Flora and Fungi. T. N. Kaye
et al., editors. Native Plant Society of Oregon, Corvallis.
- Peck, J. E. & B.
McCune. 1998. Commercial moss harvest in northwestern Oregon: biomass and
accumulation of epiphytes. Biological Conservation 86:299-305.
- Peck, J. E. & P. S.
Muir. 2001a. Estimating the biomass of harvestable epiphytic moss in central
western Oregon. Northwest Science 75:99-106.
- Peck, J. E. & P. S.
Muir. 2001b. Harvestable epiphytic bryophytes and their accumulation in
central western Oregon. Bryologist 104:181-190.
- Peterson, E. B., D.
Greene, B. McCune, E. T. Peterson, M. A. Hutten, P. Weisberg, and R.
Rosentreter. 1998. Sulcaria badia, a rare lichen in North America.
Bryologist 101:112-115.
- Peterson, E. B. 1998.
Lichens in the Klamath Region: What do we know and why have we not found
endemics? Pages 120-126 in J. K. Beigel, E. S. Jules, and B. Snitkin, editors,
Proceedings of the First Conference on Siskiyou Ecology. May 30-June1, 1997,
Kerby and Cave Junction, Oregon. Siskiyou Regional Education Project, Cave
Junction.
- Peterson, E. B. 2000.
Analysis and prediction of patterns in lichen communities over the western
Oregon landscape. Ph.D. diss. 140 pp.
- Peterson, E. B.,
& B. McCune. 2001a. Diversity and succession of epiphytic macrolichen
communities in low-elevation managed conifer forests in western Oregon.
Journal of Vegetation Science 12:511-524.
- Peterson, E. B.
& B. McCune 2001b. Environmental relations of calicioid lichens and fungi
in a temperate landscape. ms.
- Peterson, E. B. & B. McCune.
2003. The importance of hotspots for lichen
diversity in forests of western Oregon. Bryologist 106:246-256.
- Peterson, E. B.
and J. Rikkinen. 1998. Stenocybe fragmenta, a new species of
Mycocaliciaceae with fragmenting spores. Mycologia 90:1087-1090.
- Pettersson, R. B.,
Ball, J. P., Renhorn, K-E., Esseen, P-A. & Sjöberg, K.. 1995. Invertebrate
communities in boreal forest canopies as influenced by forestry and lichens
with implications for passerine birds. Biological Conservation 74:
57-63.
- Pike, L. H. 1971. The role
of epiphytic lichens and mosses in production and nutrient cycling of an oak
forest. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene. 172 pp.
- Pike, L. H. 1978. The
importance of epiphytic lichens in mineral cycling. Bryologist 81:
247-257.
- Pike, L. H., W. C.
Denison, D. Tracy, M. Sherwood, and F. Rhoades. 1975. Floristic survey of
epiphytic lichens and bryophytes growing on living, old-growth conifers in
western Oregon. Bryologist 78:391-404.
- Pike, L. H., D. M.
Tracy, M. A. Sherwood, and D. Nielsen. 1972. Estimates of biomass and fixed
nitrogen of epiphytes from old-growth Douglas-fir. Pages 177-187 in Symposium
proceedings: Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosystems, J. F. Franklin, L. J.
Dempster, and R. H. Waring (eds). Bellingham, Washington. March 23-24, 1972.
Northwest Scientific Association.
- Pipp, A. K., C.
Henderson, & R. M. Callaway. 2001. Effects of forest age and forest
structure on epiphytic lichen biomass and diversity in a Douglas-fir forest.
Northwest Science 75:12-24.
- Price, K. and G.
Hochachka. 2001. Epiphytic lichen abundance: effects of stand age and
composition in coastal British Columbia. Ecological Applications
11:904-913.
- Purvis, W. 2000. Lichens.
(Natural World Series) Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
- Pykala, J.
2004. Effects of new forestry practices on
rare epiphytic macrolichens. Conservation Biology 18:831-838.
- Pypker, T. G. 2004. The
influence of canopy structure and epiphytes on the hydrology of Douglas-fir
forests. PhD Dissertation, Dept. of Forest Science, Oregon State
University.
- Pypker, T. G., B. J. Bond, T. E. Link, D. Marks and M. H.
Unsworth. 2005. The importance of canopy structure in controlling the
interception loss: examples from a young and old-growth Douglas-fir forests.
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130:113-129.
- Pypker, T. G., M. H. Unsworth and B. J. Bond. 2006a. The
role of epiphytes in rainfall interception by forests in the Pacific
Northwest. I. Laboratory measurements of water storage. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research 36:808-818.
- Pypker, T.G., M. H. Unsworth and B. J. Bond. 2006b. The
role of epiphytes in rainfall interception by forests in the Pacific
Northwest. II. Field measurements at the branch and canopy scale. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 36:819-832.
- Radies, D. N. & D. S. Coxson. 2004. Macrolichen colonization on 120-140 year
old Tsuga heterophylla in wet temperate rainforests of central-interior
British Columbia: a comparison of lichen response to even-aged versus
old-growth stand structures. Lichenologist 36:235-248.
- Raettig, T. L., K. P.
Connaughton, and G. R. Ahrens. 1995. Hardwood supply in the Pacific Northwest:
a policy perspective. Research Paper PNW-RP-478. U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Portland, Oregon.
- Regional Ecosystem Office.
2000. Final supplemental environmental impact statement for amendment to the
survey & manage, protection buffer, and other mitigation measures
standards and guidelines. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land
Management, Portland, Oregon. Vol. 1. 516 pages. Vol. 2, Appendices.
- Renhorn, K.-E. and
P.-A. Esseen. 1995. Biomass growth in five alectorioid lichen epiphytes. Mitt.
Eidgenöss Forschungans Wald Schnee Landschaft 70(1):133-140.
- Renhorn, K.-E., P.-A.
Esseen, K. Palmqvist, and B. Sundberg. 1997. Growth and vitality of epiphytic
lichens. I. Responses to microclimate along a forest edge-interior gradient.
Oecologia 109:1-9.
- Rhoades, F. M. 1983.
Distribution of thalli in a population of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria
oregana and a model of population dynamics and production. Bryologist 86:
309-331.
- Rhoades, F. M. 1995.
Nonvascular epiphytes in forest canopies: worldwide distribution, abundance
and ecological roles. Pages 353-408 in Lowman, M. D. and N. M. Nadkarni
(editors) Forest Canopies. Academic Press, San Diego.
- Rikkinen, J. 1995.
What’s behind the pretty colours? A study on the photobiology of lichens.
Bryobrothera 4:1-239.
- Robbins, C. T. 1987.
Digestibility of an arboreal lichen by mule deer. Journal of Range Management
40:491-492.
- Rochelle, J. A. 1980.
Mature forests, litterfall and patterns of forage quality as factors in the
nutrition of black-tailed deer on northern Vancouver Island. Ph.D. Thesis,
UBC, Vancouver. 295 pages.
- Rolstad, J., I.
Gjerde, K. O. Storaunet, & E. Rolstad. 2001. Epiphytic lichens in
Norwegian coastal spruce forest: historic logging and present forest
structure. Ecological Applications 11:421-436.
- Rolstad, J. &
E. Rolstad. 1999. Does tree age predict the occurrence and abundance of
Usnea longissima in multi-aged submontane Picea abies stands?
Lichenologist 31: 613-625.
- Rominger, E. M., L.
Allen-Johnson, and J. L. Oldemeyer. 1994. Arboreal lichen in uncut and
partially cut subalpine fir stands in woodland caribou habitat, northern Idaho
and southeastern British columbia. Forest Ecology & Management
70:195-202.
- Rominger, E. M., C.
T. Robbins, & M. A. Evans. 1996. Winter foraging ecology of woodland
caribou in northeastern Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management
60:719-728.
- Rominger, E. M.
& Oldemeyer, J. L. 1989. Early-winter habitat of woodland caribou, Selkirk
Mountains, British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:
238-243.
- Rose, F. 1976.
Lichenological indicators of age and environmental continuity in woodlands.
Pages 279-307 in: D. H. Brown, D. L. Hawksworth, and R. H. Bailey, editors,
Lichenology: Progress and Problems. Academic Press, London.
- Rose, F. 1985. The old
forests of western Europe and their epiphytic lichens. British Lichenologist
Society, Bulletin 56:1-8.
- Rose, F. 1992. Temperate
forest management: its effects on bryophyte and lichen floras and habitats.
Pages 211-233 in: J. W. Bates & A. M. Farmer, editors, Bryophytes and
lichens in a changing environment. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
- Rosentreter, R. 1995.
Lichen diversity in managed forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA.
Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und
Landschaft 70: 103-124.
- Rosentreter, R.
& L. Eslick. 1993. Notes on the Bryorias used by flying squirrels for nest
construction. Evansia 10:61-63
- Rosentreter, R., G. D.
Hayward, and M. Wicklow-Howard. 1997. Northern flying squirrel seasonal food
habits in the interior conifer forests of central Idaho, USA. Northwest
Science 71: 97-102.
- Rosso, A. L. 2000. Shrub
epiphyte communities in relation to stand management in forests of western
Oregon. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State University. 125 pages.
- Rosso, A. L., B.
McCune, T. Tonsberg, and C. Printzen. 1999. Lichens of an old-growth forest in
a little-explored area of western Oregon, U.S.A. Evansia 16:137-142.
- Rosso, A. L., B.
McCune, T. R. Rambo. 2000. Ecology and conservation of a rare,
old-growth-associated canopy lichen in a silvicultural landscape. Bryologist
103:117-127.
- Rosso, A. L., Muir,
P. & McCune, B. 2000a. Shrub epiphyte communities in relation to overstory
thinning in forests of western Oregon, U.S.A. Manuscript and Ph.D. Thesis
chapter, Oregon State University.
- Rosso, A. L., Muir,
P. & McCune, B. 2000b. Hotspots of shrub epiphyte diversity in conifer
forests of western Oregon. Manuscript and Ph.D. Thesis chapter, Oregon State
University.
- Rosso, A. L., P. S.
Muir, and T. R. Rambo. 2001. Using transplants to measure accumulation rates
of epiphytic bryophytes in forests of western Oregon. Bryologist
104:430-439.
- Rosso, A. L. and R.
Rosentreter. 1999. Lichen diversity and biomass in relation to management
practices in forests of northern Idaho. Evansia 16:97-104.
- Ruchty, A. M. 2000. The
association of epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes with riparian stand types
along a valley continuum, Oregon Coast Range. MS Thesis, Oregon State
University. 109 pages.
- Ruchty, A. M., A.
L. Rosso, & B. McCune. 2001. Changes in epiphyte communities as the shrub,
Acer circinatum, develops and ages. Bryologist 104:274-281.
- Ryan, M. W. 1991.
Distribution of bryophytes and lichens on Garry oak. M.S. Thesis University of
Victoria. Victoria, B.C.
- Ryan, M. W., D. F.
Fraser, V. G. Marshall, and D. W. F. Pollard. 1998. Differences in the
composition of vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens among four
successional stages on southern Vancouver Island. Northwest Science
72:86-88.
- Scheidegger, C. 1995.
Early development of transplanted isidioid soredia of Lobaria
pulmonaria in an endangered population. Lichenologist
27:361-374.
Seaward, M. R. D. (editor). 1977. Lichen Ecology. Academic
Press, London.
- Selva, S. B. 1994. Lichen
diversity and stand continuity in northern hardwoods and spruce-fir forests of
northern New England and western New Brunswick. Bryologist 97:424-429.
- Servheen, G. and L.
J. Lyon. 1989. Habitat use by woodland caribou in the Selkirk Mountains.
Journal of Wildlife Management 53:230-237.
- Shirazi, A.M., P.S.
Muir and B. McCune. 1996. Environmental factors influencing the distribution
of the lichens Lobaria oregana and Lobaria pulmonaria. The
Bryologist 99: 12-18
- Sillett, S. C. 1994.
Growth rates of two epiphytic cyanolichen species at the edge and in the
interior of a 700-year-old Douglas fir forest in the western Cascades of
Oregon. Bryologist 97:321-324.
- Sillett, S. C. 1995.
Branch epiphyte assemblages in the forest interior and on clearcut edge of a
700-year old Douglas Fir canopy in western Oregon. Bryologist
98:301-312.
- Sillett, S. C. 1997.
Distribution and ecology of Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis, an
epiphytic cyanolichen endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Pages 254-260 in T. N.
Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke, and M. V. Wilson,
editors. Conservation and Management of Native Plants and Fungi. Native Plant
Society of Oregon, Corvallis.
- Sillett, S. C.
& M. N. Goslin. 1999. Distribution of epiphytic macrolichens in relation
to remnant trees in a multiple-age Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research 29:1204-1215.
- Sillett, S. C.
& T. Goward. 1998. Ecology and conservation of Pseudocyphellaria
rainierensis, a Pacific Northwest endemic lichen. Pages 377-388 in M. G.
Glenn, R. C. Harris, R. Dirig, & M. S. Cole, editors, Lichenographa
Thomsoniana: North American lichenology in honor of John W. Thomson.
Mycotaxon, Ithaca, New York, USA.
- Sillett, S. C.
& B. McCune. 1998. Survival and growth of cyanolichen transplants in
Douglas-fir forest canopies. Bryologist 101:21-31.
- Sillett, S. C., B.
McCune, J. E. Peck, T. R. Rambo, and A. Ruchty. 2000. Dispersal limitations of
epiphytic lichens result in species dependent on old-growth forests.
Ecological Applications 10:789-799.
- Sillett, S. C., B.
McCune, J. E. Peck, & T. R. Rambo. 2000b. Four years of epiphyte
colonization in Douglas-fir forest canopies. Bryologist 103:661-669.
- Sillett, S. C.
and P. N. Neitlich. 1996. Emerging themes in epiphyte research in westside
forests with special reference to cyanolichens. Northwest Science
70:54-60.
- Sillett, S. C. and
T. R. Rambo. 2000. Vertical distribution of dominant epiphytes in Douglas-fir
forests of the central Oregon Cascades. Northwest Science 74:44-49.
- Solhaug, K.A.,
Gauslaa, Y. & Haugen, J. 1995. Adverse effects of epiphytic crustose
lichens upon stem photosynthesis and chlorophyll of Populus tremula L.
Botanica Acta 108:233-239.
- Spies,
T. A., K. N. Johnson, K. M. Burnett, J. L. Ohmann, B. C. McComb, G. H. Reeves,
P. Bettinger, J. D. Kline, and B. Garber-Yonts. 2007a. Cumulative ecological and socioeconomic
effects of forest policies in coastal Oregon. Ecological Applications 17:5-17.
[Simulation models include "moderate-mobility lichen" and "low-mobility
lichen" as response variables.]
- Spies,
T. A., B. C. McComb, R. S. H. Kennedy, M. T. McGrath, K. Olsen, and R. Pabst.
2007b. Potential effects of forest policies
on terrestrial biodiversity in a multi-ownership province. Ecological
Applications 17:45-65. [Simulation models include "moderate-mobility lichen"
and "low-mobility lichen" as response variables.]
- Spribille, T., G. Thor, F. L.
Bunnell, T. Goward and C. Bjork. 2008. Lichens on dead wood: species-substrate
relationships in the epiphytic lichen floras of the Pacific Northwest and
Fennoscandia. Ecography 31:741-750.
- Starkey, E., &
J. C. Hagar. 1999. Biodiversity of young forests-role of birds: Final Report
to USDI BRD. 25 pp.
- Stevenson, S. K. 1978.
Distribution and abundance of arboreal lichens and their use as forage by
blacktailed deer. M.S. Thesis, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver.
- Stevenson, S. K. 1988.
Dispersal and colonization of arboreal forage lichens in young forests. B.C.
Ministry of Environment and B. C. Ministry of Forests, IWIFR-38. Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada.
- Stevenson, S. K. & D. Coxson. 2003. Litterfall, growth and turnover of arboreal lichens after
partial cutting in an Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forest in north-central
British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:2306-2320.
- Stevenson, S. K.
and K. A. Enns. 1991. Quantifying arboreal lichens for habitat management: A
review of methods. Report to British Columbia Ministry of Forests.
- Stevenson, S.
K. and J. A. Rochelle. 1984. Lichen litterfall - its availability and
utilization by black-tailed deer. Pages 391-396 in Fish and wildlife
relationships in old-growth forests, W. R. Meehan, T. R. Merrell, Jr, and T.
A. Hanley (eds). Proceedings of a symposium held in Juneau, Alaska, 12-15
April 1982. American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists.
- Stone, D. F. 1986.
Succession of epiphytes on Quercus garryana branches in the Willamette
Valley of western Oregon. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oregon,
Eugene.
- Stone, J. K., M. A.
Sherwood, and G. C. Carroll. 1996. Canopy microfungi: function and diversity.
Northwest Science 70:37-43.
- Storaunet, K. O., J.
Rolstad & R. Groven. 2000. Reconstructing 100-150 years of logging history
in coastal spruce forest (Picea abies) with special conservation value
in central Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 15:591-604.
- Stubbs, C. S. 1989.
Patterns of distribution and abundance of corticolous lichens and their
invertebrate associates on Quercus rubra in Maine. Bryologist
92:453-460.
- Stubbs, C. S. 1995.
Dispersal of soredia by the oribatid mite, Humerobates arborea.
Mycologia 87: 454-458.
- Thomas, S. C., D. A.
Liguori & C. B. Halpern. 2001. Corticolous bryophytes in managed
Douglas-fir forests: habitat differentiation and responses to thinning and
fertilization. Canadian Journal of Botany 79:886-896.
- Tibell, L. 1992. Crustose
lichens as indicators of forest continuity in boreal coniferous forests.
Nordic Journal of Botany 12:427-450.
- Tønsberg, T., Y.
Gauslaa, R. Haugan, H. Holien, & E. Timdal. 1996. The threatened
macrolichens of Norway - 1995. Sommerfeltia 23: 1-258.
- U. S. Department of
Agriculture and U. S. Department of Interior. 1994. Record of decision for
amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents
within the range of the Northern Spotted Owl. Attachment A: Standards and
Guidelines for Management of Habitat for Late-Successional and Old-Growth
Forest Related Species within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. U. S.
Government Printing Office, 1994-589-11/0001, Washington, D. C.
- U. S. Department of
Agriculture and U. S. Department of Interior. 2001. Record of decision for
amendments to the survey and manage, protection buffer, and other mitigation
measures standards and guidelines. Regional Ecosystem Office, Portland,
Oregon.
-
van Rooyen, J. C.,
J. M. Malt & D. B. Lank. 2011. Relating microclimate to epiphyte
availability: edge effects on nesting habitat availability for the marbled
murrelet. Northwest Science 85:549-561. 10:2129-2138.
- Walser, J.-C., S.
Zoller, U. Buchler & C. Scheidegger. 2001. Species-specific detection of
Lobaria pulmonaria (lichenized ascomycete) diaspores in litter samples
trapped in snow cover. Molecular Ecology 10:2129-2138.
- Ward, R. L. 1999. The
occurrence of two genera of arboreal lichen and their utilization by deer and
elk on selected winter ranges in west-central Montana. M. S. Thesis,
University of Montana, Missoula. 88 pages.
- Ward, R. L. & C.
L. Marcum. 2005. Lichen litterfall consumption by wintering deer and elk in
western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:1081-1089.
- Washington Natural Heritage
Program. 1997 with later updates. Endangered, threatened & sensitive
vascular plants of
Washington with working lists of rare non-vascular species. Washington State
Department of Natural Resources, Olympia. Their lists can now be
accessed online.
- Wedin, M 1989: Floristic
notes from Sweden. Graphis Scripta 2: 144-145.
- Williams, C. B. & S. C.
Sillett. 2007. Epiphyte communities on redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
in northwestern California. Bryologist 110:420–452.
- Wolseley, P. A. 1995. A
global perspective on the status of lichens and their conservation. Mitt.
Eidgenoss. Forsh. anst. Wald Schnee Landsch. 70:11-27.
- Zabel, C. J. & J.
R. Waters. 1997. Food preferences of captive northern flying squirrels from
the Lassen National Forest in northeastern California. Northwest Science
71:103-107
Home