Study guide for the second exam

The second exam will be on Thursday, May 23 during lecture hour.  The test will cover

·       Chapter 14 sections 3 - 7 (omitting most of section 5)

·       Chapter 15 sections 1 - 4

·       Chapter 16 sections 1 - 4

·       Chapter 17 sections 1 - 4

·       Chapter 18 sections 1 - 7 (plus those topics in sections 8 - 11 covered in lecture)

You are permitted to bring a sheet of paper (8.5" x 11") with notes of your choosing written on one side; xeroxed material is not permitted.  Structures of amino acid side chains will be provided on the exam cover sheet.

If you are prepared for the test, then you should be able to do the following:

·       Describe the characteristic groupings of atoms present in alcohols, ethers, phenols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, and amino acids

·       Name alcohols, phenols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and simple amines to the extent covered in lecture and represented in assigned problems

·       Interpret names of compounds, and recognize when a name is ambiguous, improper, or nonsensical

·       Be able to associate common (nonsystematic) names with structures, and vice versa, for some of the most frequently encountered compounds covered in this segment of the course (for example: phenol, pyridine, acetone, formaldehyde, and acetic acid)

·       Provide or interpret the names of important groupings of atoms (like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and carboxylate)

·       Write or interpret shorthand notations for functional groups (like -COOH and -CHO)

·       Recognize when a compound is polar, when it is capable of hydrogen bonding on its own, and when it is capable of hydrogen bonding with water

·       Know when a compound can act as an acid and/or as a base, and be able to predict what form a compound will take in acid, neutral, and basic aqueous solution

·       For any alcohol and carboxylic acid, give the name and structure the ester that can be obtained from them, and vice versa

·       For any amine and any carboxylic acid, predict whether they can react to form an amide

·       For any primary or secondary amine (or ammonia) and any carboxylic acid, give the structure of the amide that can be obtained from them, and vice versa

·       Recognize other characteristic associations between properties and compound classes (like the fishy smell of amines and the high melting points of amino acids)

·       Recognize chiral carbon atoms and understand their implications

·       Give the overall structure of the amino acids that occur in proteins

·       Given the structure of an amino acid, identify the side chain and characterize it as nonpolar, polar-neutral, acidic, or basic

·       Interpret terms used in the description of amino acids and proteins (such as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, zwitterion, and isoelectric point)

·       Understand how amino acids link to form proteins (or more generally, polypeptides) and those aspects of protein structure that are covered in lecture by May 21

·       Given the structure of a polypeptide, identify the amino acids from which it was formed

·       Use and interpret shorthand notation for proteins (with three-letter abbreviations for the amino acids)

·       Explain why dyes are colored, what causes them to adhere to fabrics, and why some are more color-fast than others

·       Understand and apply the reactions studied in the Organic Reactions experiment

·       Describe the structure and mode of action of a typical soap, as well as how a soap differs in structure and effectiveness from a detergent