Final Exam CH 130

June 1999

There are 18 questions and 4 pages to this exam. Each is worth 5 points, except numbers 1 and 2 which are worth 10 points each.

1. Define precisely each of the following

Amide

Vitamin

Heterocyclic amine

Enzyme

Essential amino acid

2. Describe how information contained in DNA is used to guide the synthesis of a specific protein.

3. List four distinctly different ways in which living systems make use of proteins. You do not need to name or otherwise identify any specific protein.

Would a carboxylic acid to be more soluble in acidic, in neutral, or in basic water? Explain.

5. a. Draw a primary, a secondary, and a tertiary alcohol with the formula C₄H₁₀O. Name each one and indicate which is primary, secondary, and tertiary.

What type of isomers do these compounds represent?

6. Define both gene and genetic code, and make it clear what the difference is between them, if any.

7. Briefly describe three different ways in which an enzyme might interact with a polypeptide to help break a particular peptide bond.

8. a. Draw the molecular structure of any specific amino acid that you choose, as long as it is chiral.

b. What makes this molecule chiral?

c. This molecule is rather more soluble in either acidic or basic water than in pure water. Why is this expected? Draw the expected forms for each of the three cases.

9. We have studied a number of different types of polymerization reactions this term. Show how three (3) different types of polymers could be formed by the reaction between reactants that you choose.

10. Draw the structure for trans-2-butene.

11. a. Draw the general type of molecule commonly called a "soap."

b. Describe why soap helps to dissolve oily dirt.

12. List three distinctly different situations in which the formation of hydrogen bonds is critical to the chemical system involved.

13. Draw the reaction product that results when ethyl alcohol reacts with propanoic acid, giving the chemical (IUPAC) name of the product.

14. Name the functional groups in each of the following and give the family name for each molecule.

15. a. Describe briefly what is meant by the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of a protein.

b. If a specific amino acid (say a Gly) were replaced by a different amino acid (say a Ser) in a protein, would an isomer of the original protein be formed? Explain your reasoning.

16. Draw the structures of all the di-chlorinated isomers resulting when Cl₂ reacts with C₃H₈ (2 Cl per molecule). Give the IUPAC names.

17. Account for the fact that Br₂ (aq) is readily decolorized by alkenes but not by alkanes.

18. a. In what ways are the DNA in humans and plants similar and in what ways are they different? Your answer should discuss the basic chemical compositions.

Along the same lines, in what way would the proteins of mammals and plants be similar and in what way would they be different?