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\noindent
{\tfont A SCIENTIST'S AND\\*[1ex] 
ENGINEER'S GUIDE\\*[1ex]
TO WORKSTATIONS AND\\*[1ex] SUPERCOMPUTERS}\\*[1ex]

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\noindent
{\Huge \hfont A SCIENTIST'S AND\\*[1ex] 
ENGINEER'S GUIDE\\*[1ex]
TO WORKSTATIONS AND\\*[1ex]
SUPERCOMPUTERS}\\*[2ex]
\vspace{0.1 in}
{\chptfont Coping with Unix$^{\mbox{}^{\mbox{\small TM}}}$, 
RISC, Vectors, and\\ Programming}	

\noindent
\rule{30pc}{0.5mm}

\vspace{0.5 in}

\noindent
{\chptnfont RUBIN H. LANDAU}\\
{\em Department of Physics}\\
{\em Oregon State University} \\
{\em Corvallis, Oregon} \\*[1pc]
\noindent
{\chptnfont PAUL J. FINK,  JR.}\\
{\em Thinking Machines Corporation}\\
{\em Cambridge, Massachusetts} \\

\vspace{2.0in}
\noindent
{\hfont A Wiley-Interscience Publication\\ JOHN WILEY \& SONS, INC.\\ New York\
\ $\cdot$\ \ Chichester\ \ $\cdot$\ \ Brisbane \ \ $\cdot$\ \ Toronto\
\ $\cdot$\ \ Singapore
}

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\noindent This text is printed on acid-free paper.\\*[-2.0mm]

\noindent Copyright \copyright 1993 by John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.\\*[-2.0mm]

\noindent All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.\\*[-2.0mm]

\noindent Reproduction or translation of any part of this work\\
beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the\\
1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission\\ 
of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for\\
permission or further information should be addressed to\\
the Permissions Department, John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.,\\
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012.\\*[-2.0mm]

\noindent {\bf Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:}\\*[-2.0mm]

\noindent Landau, Rubin H.\\
\hspace{4ex} A scientist's and engineer's guide to workstations
and\\ supercomputers: coping with Unix, RISC, Vectors, and
programming/\\
Rubin H. Landau, Paul J. Fink, Jr.\\
\mbox{ } \hspace{6ex} p.\ \ \ cm.\\
\mbox{ } \hspace{4ex} Includes index.\\
\mbox{ } \hspace{4ex} ISBN 0-471-53271-1 (paper)\\
\mbox{ } \hspace{4ex} 1. Microcomputer workstations. 2. Supercomputers. 3.
Computer\\
software. I. Fink, Paul J., 1954- . II. Title.\\
QA76.5.L3224 \ \ 1992\\
004'.0245--dc20 \hspace{58mm} 92-19556\\*[-2.0mm]

\noindent Printed in the United States of America\\*[-2.0mm]

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\noindent 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\\
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{\em To scientists, engineers, and students who need and\\
love to use computers to get their work done; \\ especially
our cohorts Guangliang, Jeff, and Milt}
\end{center}

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\chapter*{PREFACE} 
Okay, so now you have read the title page and covers to this book
and you are asking yourself, ``What are a couple of physicists doing
writing a book about computers?'' 

We try throughout to provide examples and tutorials to lead
the reader-and-terminal duo from  simple, and then more complex,
exercises. One format we use is a computer dialog that  looks like
this:\\

\comp{System says.}{User commands.}{Our comments.}

\noindent The first field, in {\sys monospaced font}, is the
{\sys computer} speaking. The second field, in {\user bold monospaced
font}, is the {\user user} commanding. The last field, in {\small
small font}, is for {\small cryptic comments by the authors}. Here is an
example:\\

\wcomp{gnuplot> }{plot "data.graph"}{Plot data in file {\sys data.graph}.} 

We use a second format throughout the book for definitions. A sample
is:\\

\definebegin
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\underline{\bf OPTIONS }\vspace{0.5ex}}  \\
\define{-align  {\it name}}  
	{Align COMMON {\it name} on page boundaries.}
\define{-c} {Compile and make {\sys .o} files, do not link.} 
\defineend

\noindent You see that there is an underlined title line in 
capitals, the item to be defined is in {\bf bold print} on the left, and the
definition on the right. When there is a word the user should supply
as an option, we write that word in {\em italics}.

The third format we use is a box to encapsulate fragments
of code:\\

\codebegin
\code{/*	Sample C Program Fragment with includes */} {}
\code{\# include $<$stdlib.h$>$} {Search /usr/include.}
\code{\# include "mylibe.h"} {Search user's library.}
\codeend

\noindent The code is in  {\sys monospaced font on the left}
and our comments are in  {\small small font on the right.}

\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{lr}
\multicolumn{2}{l} { \makebox[11.6cm][l] {\ } \vspace{0.5ex} }  \\
R{\sc ubin} H. L{\sc andau} & P{\sc aul} J. F{\sc ink} J{\sc
r}\\*[1ex] {\small \it Corvallis, Oregon \hspace{6.5cm}} & {\small \it
Carmel, New York}\\
\end{tabular}\end{center}


\vspace{2ex}

\begin{quote} {\small {\it
      This above all, ---to thine own self be true;\\
      And it must follow, as the night the day,\\ 
      Thou canst not then be false to any man.\\
      Farewell: my blessing season this in thee!}

\hfill ---Shakespeare, {\em Hamlet} I.{\sc iii}} \end{quote} 


\vspace{4ex}

\begin{small} 
\noindent
Unix is a registered trademark of AT\&T. Alliant is a registered
trademark and CONCENTRIX is a trademark of Alliant Computer Systems
Corporation.  
\end{small} 

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